Yes, you do need a passport to leave the country. Either you drive to Guatemala, in which case you will have to go through Mexico i.e. enter another country, or fly there and your passport will be inspected by the TSA employees when flying out.
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I would hate to put myself in a position where my chances of someday acquiring US Residency could be damaged, and what's more, have my luggage confiscated or something.
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I don't know your situation but if you decide to leave, your chances of ever coming back legally will be very small. I don't know if you overstayed or EWI, but the best case scenario you are looking at is at least a 10 year ban. And from what I heard, after the 10 years it is not like they are just going to welcome you with open arms. 15 might a reasonable time, and 15 years from now, if you are still looking foreward to coming here then in my opinion the last 15 years were wasted. If I were to leave ( which I might do sooner than later) I would close the book on the US, hoping that my inability to ever come here again wouldn't interfere in any way with the life I started in another country,